Untitled-2.png Back Home Again in Indiana New Intensity Scale for Road Damage due to Earthquake for Estimate Seismic Vulnerability of Roads Sub Title-Intensity Scale for Road Damage Session Name: International uses of HAZUS Anbazhagan, P Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore India 560012 E-mail: anbazhagan@civil.iisc.ernet.in and anbazhagan2005@gmail.com, Introduction •Transportationnetworkisavaluableassettoacityandplaysavitalroleinemergencyoperations,i.e.,toevacuatedeadandinjuredpeopleduringadeadlyearthquake. •Earthquakeinducedroaddamageassessmentandpost- earthquakedamagecontrolstudiesareequallyimportantasbuildingdamagecontrolstudies,foraneffectivedisastermanagementplaninurbancenters. •Numerousstudieshavediscussedbuildingdamageassessment,vulnerabilityandriskanalysisofstructuresduetoearthquakesandhaveseldommadeexclusiveattempttoassessroaddamagesduetoearthquakes. Road Damage due to Earthquakes Figure 1 Figure 4 Continue… •Historyshowsthatmajorlossoflifehasbeencausedduetodelayintimelyassistancetoearthquakevictims. •Thusitbecomesimperativetostudythedamagequantificationofroadswhichwillhelpinbetterdisastermanagement. Figure 8 Figure 19 Road vulnerability assessment forearthquakes •Focusonseismicvulnerabilityofroadsisveryrecentandlimited. •PhoThanhTung(2004)carriedoutroadvulnerabilitystudiesinLalitpur,Kathmanducity-NepalusingMMIscaleandhasclassifiedtheroadsaslowtohighvulnerabilityindexforearthquakes. •TheauthorhasusedwelldefinedseismicvulnerabilitymethodsofRiskAssessment,ToolsforDiagnosisofUrbanAreasagainstSeismicDisasters(RADIUS)Program(RADIUS,1996)andHAZUSdevelopedbyFEMA(NIBS, 1999). Continue… •PhoThanhTung(2004)hashighlightedthattheMMIscaleishighlyinadequateincategorizingroaddamagebecausetheMMIscaleofdamageclassificationdoesnotaccountfositeeffectsanddistanceoftheroadfromtheepicenter,whicharethemajorfactorscontributingtothedamageoftheparticularroad. •TheimportanceofriskassessmentoftransportnetworksandsummaryofdifferentmethodsaregiveninKiremidjiam(2007). Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (after Day, 2002) INTENSITYLEVEL REACTIONOFOBSERVERS&TYPESOFDAMAGE I Reactions:Notfeltexceptbyaveryfewpeopleunderespeciallyfavorablecircumstances Damage:Nodamage II Reactions:Feltonlybyafewpersonsatrest,especiallyonupperfloorsofbuildings. Manypeopledonotrecognizeitasanearthquake. Damage:Nodamagedelicatelysuspendedobjectsmayswing III Reactions:Feltquitenoticeablyindoors,especiallyonupperfloorsofbuildings.Thevibrationislikethepassingofatruckandthedurationoftheearthquakemaybeestimated.Howevermanypeopledonotrecognizeitasanearthquake. Damage:Nodamage,standingmotorcarsmayrockslightly. IV Reactions:Duringtheday,feltindoorsbymany,outdoorsbyfew.Atnight,somepeopleareawakened.Thesensationislikeaheavytruckstrikingthebuilding. Damage:Dishes,windowanddoorsaredisturbed.Wallsmakeacreakingsound. Standingmotorcarsrocknoticeably. V Reactions:Feltbynearlyeveryone,manyawakened Damage:Somedishes,windowsetc.,arebroken.Afewinstancesofcrackedplasterandunstableobjectsoverturned.Disturbancesoftrees,polesandothertallobjectssometimesnoticed.Pendulumclocksmaystop. VI Reactions:Feltbyeveryone.Manypeoplearefrightenedandrunoutdoors. Damage:Thereisslightstructuraldamage.Someheavyfurnitureismovedandthereareinstancesoffallenplasterordamagedchimneys. VII Reactions:Everyonerunsoutdoors.Noticedbypersonsdrivingmotorcars Damage:Negligibledamageinbuildingsofgooddesignandconstruction,slighttomoderatedamageinwellbuiltordinarystructuresandconsiderabledamageinpoorlybuiltorbadlydesignedstructures.Somechimneysarebroken. VIII Reactions:Personsdrivingmotorcarsaredisturbed Damage:Slightdamageinspeciallydesignedstructures.Considerabledamageinordinarysubstantialbuildings,withpartialcollapse.Greatdamageinpoorlybuiltstructures.Panelwallsarethrownoutofframestructures.Thereisfallofchimney,factorystacks,columns, monumentsandwalls.Heavyfurnitureisoverturned.Sandandmudareejectedinsmallamountsandtherearechangesinwell-waterlevels. IX Damage:Considerabledamageinspeciallydesignedstructures.Well-designedframestructurethrownoutofplumb.Thereisgreatdamageinsubstantialbuildingswithpartialcollapse.Buildingsareshiftedofftheirfoundations.Groundisconspicuouslycrackedandundergroundpipesarebroken X Damage:Somewellbuiltwoodenstructuresaredestroyed.Mostmasonryandframestructuresaredestroyed,includingthefoundations.Thegroundisbadlycracked.Therearebenttrainrails,considerableamountoflandslidesatriverbanksandsteepslopes,shiftedsandandmus,waterissplashedovertheirbanks XI Fewifanymasonrystructuresremainstanding.Bridgesaredestroyedandtrainrailsaregreatlybent.Therearebroadfissuresinthegroundandundergroundpipelinesarecompletelyoutofservicethereareearthslumpsandlandslipsinsoftground. XII Reactions:wavesareseenonthegroundsurface.Thelinesofsightandlevelsaredistorted. Damage:Totaldamagewithpracticallyallworksofconstructiongreatlydamagedordestroyed.Objectsarethrownupwardintotheair Limitation of MMI Scale for Roads •ThedamageduetoearthquakeinMMIisdefinedandexplainedmainlyfocusingondamageofbuildingcomponents,factorycomponents,groundfailuresandalsobendingoftrainrails. •IntensityscaleofVIIIandaboveincludesdifferentgrounddamagesduetoearthquakessuchascracks,liquefactionandslopefailures •ButnoneoftheMMIscalesfullytalkaboutthecracksordamagesofroads. Damage measure •Themajorcomponentintheriskandvulnerabilityassessmentofatransportationnetworkisthedamagemeasure(DM),whichisbasicallythelevelormeasureofdamageforagivenhazard. •Damagemeasureisusedtoestimateseverityofdamageandtherebyarriveatadamageratio. •Someasureofroaddamageisimportantforriskassessmentoftransportnetwork. •InadequacyofMMIscaleforroadvulnerabilitiesassessmentswarrantstoRoadDamageScale New Road Damage Intensity Scale •Roaddamagedependsontheamplitudeofvibrationscausedbyanearthquake,whichmainlydependsuponthedistanceofthedamagedroadfromtheepicenterandthemagnitudeoftheearthquake. •Furthermore,roaddamagesarealsocausedbyearthquakeinducedeffectslikeliquefaction,landslideandtsunamiwhichactasmajorcontributorstowardroadfailures. •Theroaddamagescaleproposedbyusincludesalltheaboveparametersandcondition/usageofpavementafterthedamage. Continue… Road Damage Scale Damage Description 1 Damageisintheformofmanyminutecracksandverylittlerepairworkisusuallynecessary.Damageisseenwhenroadsareofgoodqualityandepicenterisfarawayfromthedamagesite. 2 Damageisintheformofsettlementormoderatecracksorfailureofsidesandshoulder/footpathoftheroadswhichreducestheroadutility.Minorrepairworkshavetobecarriedouttorestoretheroadtoitsinitialcondition. Continue… 3 Apartoftheroadisdamaged.Formationofbigcracksandsettlementofroadisseen.Eitheroneorbothsidesoftheroadisinitsusableformandvehiclescanplyontheroad.Considerableroadrepairworksshouldbecarriedout. 4 Aportionoftheroadisrenderedcompletelyuseless. Loosesoilanddebrisisfoundallaround.Vehiclescannotplyonthedamagedstretchoftheroadandthestretchhastobecompletelyrebuilt 5 Maximumdamageoccurstoaroadduringanearthquake.Theroadsarecompletelyrendereduselessandaretotallyinaccessible.Roadsaredamagedstructurallyanddebrisfromlandslidesrendertheroadtotallyinaccessible Discussion about new scale •Damage Scale 1 –Theroadsareinasatisfactoryconditionandcanbeusedwithminorrepairs.Itcanbeusedforallpostearthquakereliefworks. Usually,thiskindofdamageoccurswhentheroadsareofgoodqualityandfarawayfromepicenter. •Damage Scale 2 –Lessdamagedroadscanberepresentedbythisscale.Thedamagesmaybemoderatecracks,failureofsideandshoulder/footpathoftheroads.Thiskindofdamagemayoccurduringmoderateearthquakes.Theroadsareaccessibleandmoderaterepairworksmaybeneededforthemtofunctioneffectively Continue… •Damage Scale 3 –Thisscaleisusedtorepresentmoderatedamageofroadswithbigcracksduetoearthquake.Roadsarepartiallyblockedduetobuildingcollapse,landslide,etc.Partiallywashedawayduetostormsurges,tsunami,etc.Thesedamagesmayoccurduetoanymagnitudefrommoderatetohighdependinguponthedistancefromthesource. •Damage Scale 4 –Highdamagetoroadswhichrendertheroadspartlyinaccessibleandpartlyaccessible.Roadsblockedduetobuildingcollapse,landslideetc.Washedawayduetostormsurges,tsunamietc.Momentmagnitudesof6.5to8maycausethesedamages. •Damage Scale 5 –Veryhighdamageofroadsclosetoepicenterofearthquakeandhavingmomentmagnitudeof7.5andabove.Theroadsarecompletelyrendereduselessandaretotallyinaccessible.Oneofthemajorreasonsforthisistheirproximitytoepicentersandveryhighmagnitudesoftheearthquakes. Road damages due to Earthquake •TheveryfirstroaddamagethatisreportedwasduringtheLomaPrietaearthquake(Mw6.9)onOctober17,1989. •Allmajortransportationnetworkswereclosedafterthisearthquake(Kiremidjiam,etal.,2007). •Kiremidjiam,etal(2007)hasstatedthatmanyroadswereclosedduringpastearthquakesbutnodetailsregardingthoseroaddamage(photoordescription)andtheearthquakeisprovided. Continue… •GreatHanshinEarthquakeorKobeearthquake(Mw6.9) thatoccurredonJanuary17,1995. •RoaddamagedatAwajiIslandlocated20kmfromtheepicenter.ThereportedMMIscaleisX(PhoThanhTung, 2004) Continue… •AticoPeruearthquake(Mw8.4)June23,2001. •Thedamagesitewas25kmfromtheepicenterandreportedMMIscalevalueisXII(ASCE-TCLEE,2001) Continue… •PeruEarthquake(Mw8.0)onAugust15,2007 •ThedamagetoaroadinSouthernPeruandthedamagesitewasabout30kmfromtheepicenter •MMIscaleofXIisreported(EERIspecialreport,2007) •TheroadembankmentfailureonthePan-AmericanHighway-190kmfromtheepicenter •ThereportedMMIscaleisXI(MCEER,2007) A crumpled road and fallen power lines in Lima photo of embankment failure on the Pan-American Highway in Peru Continue… •Road damage description with photo has been collected for 21 cases –Hokkaido Toho-Oki Earthquake of Japan, 1994 –Gjilan/Gnjilane Region Earthquake 24 April, 2002 –Au Sable Forks, New York Earthquake April 20, 2002 –Bam City, Iran Earthquake December 26, 2003 –MIYAGI-OKI (JAPAN) Earthquake MAY 26, 2003 –Tokachi-oki Earthquake, Semp 26,2003 –Central (Chuetsu) region of Niigata Prefecture Earthquake 23 October, 2004 –Muzaffarabad earthquake October 8, 2005 –Wenchuan, China Earthquake on May 12, 2008 Sl No Earthquake Description Moment Magnitude (Mw) Distance (km) Reported MMI Scale Road Damage Scale 1 Loma Prieta earthquake October 17, 1989 6.9 16 VIII 4 2 Hokkaido Toho-Oki Earthquake of Japan, 1994 6.2 2* VII 3 3 Great Hanshin Earthquake orKobe earthquake January 17, 1995 6.9 20 X 5 4 Atico Peru June 23, 2001 8.4 25 XII 5 5 Atico, Peru Earthquake June 23, 2001 8.4 225** XII 3 6 Atico earthquake in Peru June 23, 2001, 8.4 250** XII 1 7 Gjilan/Gnjilane Region Earthquake 24 April, 2002 5.7 2* VII 3 8 Au Sable Forks, New York Earthquake April 20, 2002 5.3 8 VI 3 9 Bam City, Iran Earthquake December 26, 2003 7 14 VIII 3 10 MIYAGI-OKI (JAPAN) Earthquake MAY 26, 2003 7 1* IX 2 11 Tokachi-oki Earthquake, Semp 26,2003 8.1 250** XII 1 12 Central (Chuetsu) region of Niigata Prefecture Earthquake 23 October, 2004 7 2* IX 3 13 Central (Chuetsu) region of Niigata Prefecture 23 October, 2004 7 1* IX 2 14 Balakot in Pakistan October 8, 2005-North of Epicenter 7.6 30 X 5 15 Balakot in Pakistan October 8, 2005 –East of Epicenter 7.6 30 X 5 16 Muzaffarabad earthquake October 8, 2005 7.6 20 X 4 17 Peru Earthquake August 15, 2007 8 30 XI 5 18 Peru Earthquake August 15, 2007 8 190 XI 5 19 Peru Earthquake August 15, 2007, 8 220 XI 4 20 Peru Earthquake, August 15, 2007, 8 200 XI 3 21 Wenchuan, China Earthquake on May 12, 2008 8 5* XI 4 ** Average distance based on report and * Assumed distance based on report Analysis and Discussion •Thecollectedroaddamagesreportedforearthquakeshavemagnitudesfrom5.6to8.4andepicenterdistanceof1kmto250km. •Thesedataareclassifiedbasedonthenewlyproposeddamagescale. •RoaddamageslistedinTable(slide22)slno.3,4,14,15,17and18comeunderthedamagescaleof5. •Sl.no1,16,19and21comeunderdamagescaleof4 •Sl.no2,5,7,8,9,12&20comeunderdamagescaleof3 •Sl.no10and13comeunderdamagescaleof2&Sl.no6and11comeunderdamagescale1 Continue… •ThesedamagesarealsoscaledinMMIscale. •ThecomparisonbetweennewlyproposedscaleandreportedMMIscalearegiveninTable. •MMIscaleofXIIisusedtoreferminordamagestoroads,moderatedamagestoroadsandhighroaddamage. •ThismayhappenbecausenoproperdefinitionofroaddamagehasbeengiveninMMIscale. Newly proposed road damage scale related with earthquake magnitudes and epicenter distance 01234556789Earthquake Magnitude (Mw) Road Damage Scale 012345050100150200250300Distance from epicenter (km) Road Damage Scale Continue… •ItisclearthatthesedatadonotfollowanytrendwithEarthquakemagnitude. •However,itisinterestingtonotethatearthquakemagnitudeoflessthan6.5maycausedamagelevellessthandamagescaleof3. •Itcanbeseenthatevenifthesedatadonotfollowanytrendasawholebuttheydogiveanideathatroaddamagescanbeclassifiedbasedonshortdistanceslessthan50km)andlongdistances(150to300km). •Meanwhile,itisnecessarytohighlightthatthereisnoreportedroaddamagedatainbetween50to150km. Road damage scale (RDS) with short and long distances RDS = 2.28D0.22R2 = 0.800123450510152025303540Distance from epicenter (km) Road Damage Scale RDS = 15603611673848.60D-5.47R2 = 0.78012345150200250300Distance from epicenter (km) Road Damage Scale VerygoodregressionfitforlinearandpowertrendswithhighregressioncoefficientswereshownforRDSwithshortandlongdistancedamages Continue… •VerygoodregressionfitforlinearandpowertrendswithhighregressioncoefficientsareshownforRDSwithshortandlongdistancedamages •EventhoughdamageddistanceversusRDSgivesverygoodregression,itcannotbeusedtoestimatetheRDSforfutureroaddamageassessmentduetoearthquake,becauseassessingtheroaddamagescalewithoutearthquakemagnitudeismeaningless. Short distance road damage •15datasetsarefurtherusedtogeneratemultiregressioncorrelationbetweenRDSversusmagnitudeandepicenterdistance 012345010203040Earthquake Magnitude (Mw)+Distance(Km) Road Damage Scale Continue… •Short distances can be classified 1 to 5 as per RDS, damages varies from cracks to extensive damage •These damages are reported for earthquake magnitudes ranging from 5.3 to 8.4. •Short distance earthquakes cause moderate to very high road damages, which require minor to extensive repairs. )27.0(03.2)011.0(082.0)011.0(082.0±+±+±=DMRDS Valid for a magnitude of 5.0 to 8.5 and epicenter distance upto 35 km Long distance road damage •Sixpastearthquakeroaddamagesarereportedforlongdistances 012345190210230250270Earthquake Magnitude (Mw)+Distance (km) Road Damage Scale Continue… •Longdistancesroaddamagesarereportedfor150kmto350kmfromtheepicenter •Thesedamagesvaryfromminorcrackstoextensivedamageandarereportedforearthquakeswhosemomentmagnitudesare8.0andabove DMRDS)015.0(057.0)015.0(057.0)37.3(03.16±-±-±= Valid for a magnitude of above 8 and epicenter distance of 190 to 250 km Upper limit and lower limit for 95% confidence interval is given in bracket Summary •NewRoaddamagescalehasbeenproposed,whichiscomparedwitholdMMIscaleandcorrelatedforreportedroaddamages •Thisscaleandcorrelationcanbeusedtoassessthedamagelevelofroadtoforecastseismicvulnerabilityandriskofurbantransportnetwork. •Thesecorrelationsaredevelopedbasedonavailabledataandnewlyproposedroaddamagescale,byassumingalltheroadsarehavingsamestructuralfeaturesandquality. •Ifthequalityofroadisconsiderablypoor,theestimateddamagemaybeupgradedtooneortwohigherdamagescalelevelbasedontheroadqualityjudgment. Thank You Contact Info: Dr. P. Anbazhagan, M.E, Ph. D, ERF (Australia),FICDM Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India 560 012. Phone: 91-80-22932467 Cell 91-9448100410 Email:anbazhagan2005@gmail.com web page: http://civil.iisc.ernet.in/~anbazhagan/